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larvicidal activity of Parthenium weed plant hysterophous L (composite) against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus

INTRODUCTION

Mosquitoes are responsible for more diseases than any other group of arthropods. Was observed at elevations of 5500 meters and located at a depth less 1250 meters below sea level. Two important species of mosquito vectors such as Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus are selected for this study. A. aegypti is the main vector of dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever and is reported to infect more than 100 million people every year in more than 110 countries in the tropics (Halstead, 2000). C. quinquefasciatus is the vector of West Nile virus causes encephalitis and meningities known to affect brain tissue, finally resulting in permanent neurological damage. The most appropriate remedy for the problems is the control of its population and increasing use of chemicals to control mosquitoes were found to accumulate in food chain, the residual effect, high cost, environmental pollution and can also cause severe toxicity to humans, animals and other creatures that are not covered and the development of resistance to conventional insecticides in many mosquito species have reviewed a great interest in exploiting the potential of vector control of natural origin. Pesticide exposure in humans has been linked to dysfunction immune, the various forms of cancer and birth defects (Bouni, 2003). All these factors led to the search for safer alternatives and support to combat these problems, including natural products, especially plant-derived botanical calls are becoming a vital element of Integrated Pest Management (MIP) (Jeyabalan et al, 2003). Apart from neem, several other plant species have also shown promising pest control properties. These categories of pesticides known as biopesticides (Mulla, 1994).

P. hysterophous weed known as Congress, the carrot weed, star weed, feverweed, white top, chatak Chandani, bitter weed, ramphool, garghsas. Parthenium has also been reported as a remedy against hepatic amebiasis promising (Sharma and Bhutani, 1988). In this study, we tried to record the larvicidal activity of leaf extracts P.hysterophous L (Compositae) against A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The eggs of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus were obtained from the research laboratory of the National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD) in Mettupalayam, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu (India) and kept in sterile containers with non-chlorinated tap water (18cm in diameter X 19 cm high) under laboratory conditions (29 ± 20 C). Eggs and larvae obtained from the stocks were used for experiments. Newborn larvae were collected and kept in separate containers with non-chlorinated tap water and cookies for dogs with yeast (2:1 ratio) was given as the food source. The water was changed on alternate days. The leaves of P. hysterophous were collected in near the campus and brought to the laboratory. The leaves were washed thoroughly with tap water and dried under shade at room temperature (29 ± 20 C) for about 20 days. The leaves were completely dry powder and sifted to a fine powder. The 100 grams powdered leaves were extracted separately with 300 ml hexane and acetone using the Soxhlet apparatus for 8 hours (Vogel, 1978). The extracts were concentrated using a vacuum evaporator at 450C under low pressure. After complete evaporation concentrated solvent extract was collected and stored in a refrigerator for further experiments. Of this population, 1 g of residue was dissolved in 100 ml respective solvents and maintained as a stock solution. This solution is used to prepare the desired concentrations of the extracts of the exposure of mosquito larvae. Fourth larval stage and pupae of both C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti were used for experimental treatments in this study. In each test concentrations 4 routes became and remained the controls (with the use of solvents in question), along with the experiment. The control mortality was negligible in the calculation. The mortality rate was corrected by Abbott's formula (1925). The data were subjected to Probit analysis (Finney, 1971).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The present study of plant extracts expresses the presence of the activity of P. larvicidaland pupicidal hysterophous on A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus. values of mortality of larvae and pupae treated with different concentrations of hexane and acetone extracts was that ranging from 20-100ppm, 30-150ppm of Aedes and 10-50ppm, 60-100ppm of leaf extract of P. Culex. Based on the 24 hr LC50 probit analysis of the leaf extract hysterophous P. hysterophous for the larvae and pupae of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus against the hexane extracts were 47.69, 52.15, 25.48, and 29.05ppm LC90 values were 81.79, 86.93, 45.14, 50.11ppm respectively. In the acetone extract LC50 values of both species (third instar larvae and pupae) were 72.34, 78.54, 70.01, and values 74.33ppm of LC90 were 140.54, 150.55, 93.97 and 101.58ppm respectively. In this experiment C. Quinquefasciatus was more susceptible than A. aegypti. Among the hexane and acetone the highest mortality of larvae and pupae in hexane extract, in the species. A. aegypti is commonly used in the detection paths insecticide because it is usually less susceptible and easy to colonize in the laboratory (Shaalan et al., 2005).

The result of this study was comparable to that of previous studies. Pizarro et al (1999) reported the activity of saponin fraction Agave sisalana and estimate the LC50 and LC90 values against Third instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus, were 183 and 408ppm, respectively. Mohan Raj and Ramasamy (2007) reported LC50 value against A. Aegeratina adenophora aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus were 256.70 and 227.20ppm respectively. These concentrations were higher than P. hysterophous, but the authors suggest its use for mosquito control. This study the larvae died after exposure to sub lethal doses showed dilation of anal papillae than the control. This structural distortion of the papillae probably led to the death of the larvae. Similar observations were also observed in A. aegypti mosquito when treated with Aegle marmelos (Samarasekera et al., 2004). Similar depantant dose effect of extracts of Lantana Camera third instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus showed that activity and cause mortality laevicidal the maximum concentration 3.0mg/ml (Sathish Kumar and Maneemegalai, 2008).

In this study, P. hysterophourus leaf extract resulted in a high mortality rate could be due to the action of a compound or synergistic effects of multiple parthenin. (Narasimhan and Keshava Murthy, 1984) and the combined effect of other phenolic acids as caffeic acid, vanillic acid, ansic acid, p-ansic acid, chlorogenic acid and benzoic acid parahydroxy (Oudhia 1998) can own property on larvicide and pupicidal A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus. Plant extracts have provided many beneficial uses in applications ranging from product pharmacists to insecticides. In homeopathy system, caused by Parthenium allergy can be treated with a medicine prepared from Parthenium and in Finland by an infusion of Parthenium is used for consumption. In the dictionary of economic plants in India P. hysterophourus is described as a weed in Poona and is reported to be used as a tonic, febrifuge and emmenagogue. Parthenium has also been reported as a remedy against hepatic amebiasis promising (Sharma and Bhutani, 1988) and used as a remedy popular in the Caribbean and Central America (Mabie et al 1996). In Jamaica decoction is used as a flea repellent both for dogs and other animals (Morton, 1981). Mew et al (1982) demonstrated that sublethal doses of Parthenin showed antitumor activity in mice and that the drug could cure mice either total or increased survival time after being injected with cancer cells. Parthenin, a toxin from Parthenium, is pharmacologically active against neuralogia and certain types of rheumatism. Pathenin induced dose-dependent damage to human chromosomes in vitro of leukocytes and the formation of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes of mice is reported (Dominguez and Sierra, 1970). The results of this investigation showed that the leaf extract of P. hysterophous and have remarkable property pupicidal larvicide against A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus. P. hysterophous is a noxious weed and resources are scarce. The botanical insecticides are generally safe, readily biodegradable non-toxic but active against insect infestation and lack toxicity to higher animals and leaves no phytotoxic residues in the environment and active against insect pests. Thus, the observation in this study were produced as further evidence of the significant influence of the plant-derived botanical pesticides, such as P. hysterophous in controlling mosquitoes.

Abbott reference was 1925. A method for calculating the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology. 18: 265-267. Bouni M. 2003. Etiologic factors and mechanisms involved in the relationship between pesticide exposure and cancer. Journal of Environmental Biology. 24 (1): 1-8. Dominguez, XA and A. Sierra. 1970. Isolation of a new diterpene alcohol and parthenin of Parthenium hysterophorus. Planta Medica 18:275-277. Essam Abdel-Salam Shaalan, Deon Canyon, Faries Wagdy Mohamed Younes, Hoda Abdel Wahab and Mansour, Abdel-Hamid. 2005. A review of botanical phytochemicals with mosquitocidal potential. International Environmental. 31: 1149-1166. Finney, DJ 1971. Probit Analysis. Cambridge University Press, London. Pp 68-72. Halstead, SB Dengue perspective 2000.Global Research. Dengue Bulletin.24: 77-82. Mew, D., F. Balza, GHN Towers and IG Levy. 1982. Parthenin Antitumor effects of sesquiterpene lactone. Planta Medica .45: 23-27. Morton, JF 1981. The Whitetop disconcerting. Parthenium hysterophorus: noxious weeds, endangered health, folk-remedy, flea repellent. Unpublished report, University. Miami, Florida. Mulla.MS 1994. Mosquito control then, new and in the future. Association Journal American Mosquito Control. 10 (4): 574-84. Narasimhan. TR and Keshava Murthy, BS 1984. Characterization of a toxin from Parthenium hysterophorus and its mode of excretion in animals. Journal of Biosciences. 6:729-738. Navia, SC, McFadyen RE, Panetta FD and Adkins SW. 1996. The biology of weeds in Australia 27. Parthenium L. hysterophorus Plant Protection Quarterly 0.11 (2): 76-88. Oudhia, P. 1998. Parthenium: A curse for the biodiversity of Chhattisgarh Plains. Abstract. National Research Seminar on Climate Change, Bio-chemistry. An impact on Environment, Government DR. PG College, Mandlaa (MP) p. 30 to 31 July 1926. Pizarro, APB, Oliveira-Filho.AM, Melo.MTV Parente.JP, Santose.CM and Lima. PR 1999. Or do aproveitamenoto Industry sisal residue gives what does not control mosquito larvae. Rev.Soc.Bras.Med.Trop.32, 23-29. Rajmohan, D. and Ramaswamy, M., 2007. Assessment larvicidal activity of leaf extract of a weed plant, Ageratina adenophora, against two important species of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. African Journal and Biotechnology 6 (5): 631-638. Samaraskera.JK, Khambay. BP and Hemalal. KP 2004. A new insecticide protolimonoid Aegle marmelos. Nature research product. 18 (2): 117-122. Sathish Kumar, M and Maneemegalai, S. 2008. Evalution of the effect of Lantana camara Linn larvicide against mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Advances in biological research. 2 (3-4): 39-43. Sharma, GL and Bhutani KK. 1988. Antiamoebic plant-based drugs. Part II. amoebicidal activity of isolated parthenin hysterophorus Parthenium. Planta Medica. 54:20-22. Vogel, AI 1978. In: Textbook of practical organic chemistry. English Language Society and Longman, London. Pp 1368. Abbott reference was 1925. A method of calculating the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology. 18: 265-267. Bouni M. 2003. The etiological factors and mechanisms involved in the relationship between pesticide exposure and cancer. Journal of Environmental Biology. 24 (1): 1-8. Dominguez, XA and A. Sierra. 1970. Isolation of a new diterpene alcohol and parthenin of Parthenium hysterophorus. Planta Medica 18:275-277. Essam Abdel-Salam Shaalan, Deon Canyon, Faries Wagdy Mohamed Younes, Hoda Abdel Wahab and Mansour, Abdel-Hamid. 2005. A review of botanical phytochemicals with mosquitocidal potential. International Environmental. 31: 1149-1166. Finney, DJ 1971. Probit Analysis. Cambridge University Press, London. Pp 68-72. Halstead, SB Dengue perspective 2000.Global Research. Dengue Bulletin.24: 77-82. Mew, D., F. Balza, GHN Towers, and IG Levy. 1982. Antitumor parthenin effects of sesquiterpene lactone. Planta Medica .45: 23-27. Morton, JF 1981. The Whitetop disconcerting. Parthenium hysterophorus: noxious weed, danger to health folk remedy, flea repellent. Unpublished report, University. Miami, Florida. Mulla.MS 1994. Mosquito control then, new and in the future. Journal of the American Association Mosquito Control. 10 (4): 574-84. Narasimhan. TR and Keshava Murthy, BS 1984. Characterization of a toxin from Parthenium hysterophorus and its mode of excretion in animals. Daily Biosciences. 6:729-738. Navia, SC, McFadyen RE, Panetta FD and Adkins SW. 1996. The biology of weeds in Australia 27. Parthenium L. hysterophorus in Plant Protection Quarterly 0.11 (2): 76-88. Oudhia, P. 1998. Parthenium: A curse for the biodiversity of Chhattisgarh Plains. Abstract. National Research Seminar on Climate Change, Bio-chemistry. An impact on Environment, RD Govt. PG College, Mandlaa (MP) p. 30 to 31 July 1926. Pizarro, APB, Oliveira-Filho.AM, Melo.MTV Parente.JP, Santose.CM and Lima. PR 1999. Or do aproveitamenoto Industry da sisal residue do not control mosquito larvae. Rev.Soc.Bras.Med.Trop.32, 23-29. Rajmohan, D. and Ramaswamy, M., 2007. Evaluation larvicidal activity of leaf extract of a weed plant, Ageratina adenophora, against two important species of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. African Journal and Biotechnology 6 (5): 631-638. Samaraskera.JK, Khambay. BP and Hemalal. KP 2004. A new insecticide protolimonoid Aegle marmelos. Nature of product research. 18 (2): 117-122. Sathish Kumar, M and Maneemegalai, S. 2008. Evalution of the effect of Lantana Linn camera larvicide against mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Advances in biological research. 2 (3-4): 39-43. Sharma, GL and Bhutani KK. 1988. Antiamoebic plant-based drugs. Part II. amoebicidal activity of isolated parthenin hysterophorus Parthenium. Planta Medica. 54:20-22. Vogel, AI 1978. In: Textbook of practical organic chemistry. English Language Society and Longman, London. Pp 1368.

About the Author

S.Umavathi and M.Manimegalai

PG & Research department of Zoology, Kongu nadu arts and Science College, Coimbatore-641029, Tamilnadu, India

email:uma_kasc@yahoo.co.in

What used to combat the famous Houston mosquitoes?

My situation is that we can enjoy our swimming pool with out being attacked. I tried to open, but only wash in the pool. I have tried citronella candles and torches teaki, but have found that you have to be right next to them or are not very effective. I was wondering if anyone knew of any method to sort, to be spray or powder to spray or sprinkle in all the green areas to deter them from my backyard? O any other suggestions. Please note that I have a small dog so this magical cure would have to be pets. I do not know if this problem is shared across the area Houston or The Woodlands is only because of all forest areas.

When a bartender in the Voodoo Daddy's in Galveston, we've made a mixture of bleach and water in a pump sprayer and sprayed everywhere. Seemed to work. There are also products available in the market as a generation of CO2, propane fired murderer mosquito of the large home improvement stores, or an irrigation system can be installed by the likes of ABC Pest. Control Bug zappers are a waste of money and seems to kill everything, but the mosquitoes. Check the bottom of a tray and see if you find any mosquitoes. If you live anywhere near Gulfcoast, you has a mosquito problem.